Essay on Discrimination Against Native Americans and Asians

How can counselors work to lessen the effects of racism and discrimination that have impacted Native Americans and Asian Americans? (1 Asian American parents believe in keeping many of their issue within the family which makes them reluctant to seek services. Because of this culture believe, Asian Americans utilize mental health services at a lower rate compared to other Americans (Sue, 1994). Socially sanctioned claims concerning Asian Americans social character or integrity helps to explain why they dont utilize services as often as other Americans. Counselors can work to lessen the effects of racism and discrimination that have impacted Americans by expanding their knowledge of discriminations experiences of Asian Americans and†¦show more content†¦According to Baruth Manning 2012, it is a counselors task to help these clients accept and value their culture and to help them resolve difficult conflicts that can impede personal and social growth (p.149). The counselor plays the role of consulting, teaching, and training when dealing with the Native American and Asian American communities. 3. Discuss how the reading material from your textbook aligns with the issues presented in the videos. (1-2 paragraphs) The reading material from my textbook aligns with the issues presented in the video on Mental Health of Native Americans. The video talks about reconnecting adults and youths back into their culture. One issue is that American Indians have a low success rate academically. American Indian children often distrust European American which makes it difficult for cross cultural counseling. According to Baruth Manning (2012), American Indian adolescents will end up being counseled by European American counselors because there are few American Indian counselors. The video states that there is high use of substance abuse, suicide, and dropout rates for American Indians. The textbook list suicide, alcohol abuse and other substance abuse, and high school and college drop-out rates as being potential problems American Indian adolescents may experience 4. Reflect on your learning experience related counseling Native Americans and Asian Americans across the lifespan. Discuss how you can better serve clients fromShow MoreRelatedEssay on Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet1483 Words   |  6 Pageslifestyle, or society? | 1. White Americans | Whites here in the United States are classified as individuals that have origins with the Middle East, Europeans, and North Africa (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). | A large part of the United States population of 230 million (approximately 78.1%) is occupied by White Americans. | White Americans tend to sometimes be outspoken. They also value their independence and have strong religious beliefs. White Americans are very cordial with their greetings butRead MoreAfrican American And The American1464 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American The beginning of our nation there were many battles between the Native American and the arrives of the European such as the Spanish, The English, The French, and Dutch. In those battle, the Native American had to fight for their lands, they were mistreated, and usually they were called, â€Å"Savage† but Native American weren’t the only people who suffer throughout history. African American, Irish, Mexican, Japaneses , Asian, Germany, Chinese and many more suffer in the hand of the EnglishRead MoreBrent Staples On Ethnicity And Gender950 Words   |  4 PagesLike so many people, Brent Staples was judged based on ethnicity and gender. Brent Staples, an African American man, has been mistaken for a criminal countless times because of his race. 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We must learn to embrace the Asian diversity, though the history of America has left a period of where the Asian population has been affectedRead MoreRacism, Religion, and Family1549 Words   |  6 Pagesand take advantage of the benefits that go along with that decision. A number of minority groups have assimilated into larger mainstream culture, and are seen as less threatening to the majority group. Jewish and many Asian communities are now seen as less foreign to many Americans because of the higher rates of assimilation into the mainstream culture. Segregation Segregation is the complete isolation of different racial or ethnic groups. In this model of interaction, different groups are separatedRead MoreImmigration Act : On Asian American Cultural Politics1060 Words   |  5 Pages Lisa Lowe, a professor of English and American Studies at Tufts University, boasts many accreditations to her name. 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The most dramatic of these changes was theRead MoreWorld War I And The United States876 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the Europeans had the best brain capacity especially the English. Next, was the Chinese. Then, came Southeast Asians and Polynesians. Following that, was American Indians. Last was, Africans and Australians. (Science: 1770s-1850s: One Race or Several Species) Also, in the early 1900’s there were different intelligence test conducted mainly to â€Å"justify racial and ethnic discrimination†. According to the understanding race website, â€Å"The results of these intelligence tests were influential in shapingRead MoreNative American Mascot Discrimination Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesIs it believable that Native American children face discrimination during their education because their schools have Native American mascots? Yes. However, are Native American children the only children who face discrimination throughout their education? 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The Benefits of Sexual Education in Public Schools

Sex is a predominant part of life, and that is not changing anytime soon. A common response to this is to dismiss the conversation. Instead of overlooking the problem like the majority of individuals, an inquiry into what is being taught/shown to youth is needed. Strasburger, the author of â€Å"Adolescents, Sex, and the Media: Ooooo, Baby, Baby—a Q A† notes: â€Å"I’ve often wondered what it would be like if we taught young people swimming the same way we teach sexuality. If we told them that swimming was an important adult activity one they will all have to be skilled at when they grow up, but we never talked with them about it. We never showed them the pool . . . but when they asked a question about how swimming felt or what it was about, they†¦show more content†¦Sexual education teachers have to counteract thousands of hours of annual exposure to sex-saturated media in just a few hours. In addition to the media, educators must struggle with a range of sex education programs. Courses with immensely different objectives, arrangements, time spans, and applications are frequently categorized in the general heading of sexual education. Just the terminology tossed around can be vague. The names â€Å"abstinence-only†, â€Å"abstinence-based education†, â€Å"abstinence-only-until-marriage†, and â€Å"comprehensive sexual education† programs, otherwise known as â€Å"abstinence-plus† programs, are all used and they have also been known to be called â€Å"risk-reduction†, â€Å"risk-avoidance† or â€Å"risk elimination† (Beshers 637). With unclear expressions such as this teens come out of different programs and courses thinking, for example, that having oral sex is the same as being sexually abstinent. Not only that, but sexual education has been notorious for covering many other topics besides sexual intercourse, pre gnancy, and STD’s including puberty, body image, gender roles, and sexual orientation. Some programs have been known to be religious, while most are far more secular. Some courses were designed to encourage abstinence, others to improve knowledge, attitudes, and expertise of contraception. Some concentrated on avoiding STDs and others focused on circumventing pregnancies. Some focused on sexually inexperienced youth, others on the sexuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sexual Education On Public Schools908 Words   |  4 PagesHow Sexual Education In Public Schools Benefit By: Michelle Schlichting English Composition I November 2015 Sexual education in public schools has many benefits. This is of course if every public school would be willing to provide their students with the opportunity to be able to take this class. Therefore I believe that some sort of sexual education class should be provided to all high school students in public schools. 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In the past two decades, there has been an explosion in the # of sexually transmittedRead MoreIs Sex All That Matter?1108 Words   |  5 PagesJoyce Garity, she offers up commentary on today’s teenagers that are being bombarded with unrealistic expectations of their sexual behavior. Many of the unrealistic sexual images shown in television, advertisements, and magazines influence these adolescents behavior and dreams. Several of these advertisers trumpet sexuality making the teenagers expectation for their own sexual life unrealistic and unsafe, due to the fact that they are unaware of the consequences that can occur; For example, sexuallyRead MoreSexual Education Classes Should Be Taught1168 Words   |  5 Pagesproper education. Sexual Education classes should be mandatorily taught in public schools to benefit the adolescents who are more susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases, who are sexually active, and who lack positive decision making skills. â€Å"Educators feel apprehensive or unsure in tackling the topics of sex, sexuality, and sexual health. They feel very overawed about where to start or disorderly about what to teach and when to teach it.† (plannedparenthood.org) However, the sex education classesRead MoreThe Canadian Guidelines For Sexual Education1665 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education is an important topic which as to be addressed due to the growing debates as to weather it should be implemented within the school system. The Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education states that sexual education curriculums addresses a range of topics including â€Å"puberty, effective contraceptive methods, prevention of STI/HIV, communication skills, sexual orientation, interpersonal relationships, and media literacy† (Public Health Agency of Canada). Children need to addressRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught? Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressing sex education in my classroom. The state-mandate d teaching standards promoting a biased, abstinence-only program, however, do little to communicate reliable and inclusive information about sexuality. Texas provisions and education codes relating to sex education should sustain amendments that fully address the sexual health needs of every student, regardless of their gender identity, sexual orientation or sexual expression. Sex Education in Texas The topic of sex education in the UnitedRead MoreSex Education And Public Schools Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesaddress virginity, first sexual experiences, sex education in public schools, and abortion. The first two topics, virginity and first sexual experiences, coming from a personal perspective as well as some credible sources. I will also include the historical aspects of virginity, the creation and use of the concept, and why it’s in our society. The last topic is my concern for the lack of sex education in public schools and mentioning the harm of abstinence only sex education and the importance to provideRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught? High School?997 Words   |  4 Pagesteenagers are having sex. Some schools don’t teach sexual education and because of that students are suffering. There’s no way to make teenagers not have sex but there is away to teach them about having safe sex, that is why I believe that we need to require sexual education be taught in high school. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, â€Å"Only 22 states require public schools to teach sex education (NCLS 2015).† With over 47 percent of high school students having sex, having 28

Market Structure of UK-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Disucss about the Market Structure of UKs Retail Industry. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to highlight on the structure of market of the UKs retail industry. The company that is chosen for this report is J Sainsbury Plc that has been operating in UKs retail industry. This organization is the second biggest supermarket chain in this country with total share of 16.9%. This entity is split into three sectors that include- Sainsburys Bank, Sainsbury Argos and Sainsbury supermarket ltd. Market structure is defined as the degree and nature of competition for the products in the existing market. Several determinants of the market structure are- product nature, number of purchasers and sellers, economies of scale and conditions of entrance and exit. There are various kinds of market structure including- monopoly, monopolistic competition, perfect competition and oligopoly. Market Structure of UKs retail sector The retail sector of UK has oligopolistic market structure as few companies share the large proportion of this industry. The four biggest retailer of this nation are Tesco, Morrison, Sainsbury and Asda. Some vital feature of this market structure includes- interdependence of organizations in making decision, existence of price rigidity, less number of firms, production of either differentiated or similar commodities and significant hurdles to entry (Yu, Ramanathan Nath, 2014). As there is less number of retailers in this industry, the action of each retailer affects the other. In addition, the organization in this industry holds substantial market share, which results in higher degree of market concentration. Moreover, the sellers of this industry try to gather information about the target market in order to gain competitive advantage. On the contrary, the purchaser in this retail industry has imperfect knowledge about price as well as quality of commodities. Due to fierce competiti on in terms of price prevails in this UK retail industry for attaining huge market share, the nature of UK retail players are basically non-collusive. Moreover, barriers in entry of new firms help the UKs retail leaders retain market control in this industry. Some of the significant entry barriers that discourage the nascent organizations are- government licenses, strategic actions and economies of scale. As the main motive of the market leaders in this industry is to attain long run profits, high barriers in entry prevent the new organization in entering the market for attaining excess profits. Sainsbury and other market leaders in this industry produce either similar or differentiated commodities for attracting large number of buyers in the market. Moreover, if Sainsbury strategizes to lower their product price, their rivalries including Tesco, Morrison and Asda revise their price of product for retaining their customers. As a result, this strategy might adversely affect the rivalries of Sainsbury as it does not help them in increasing the demand for their commodities. This however relates to inelastic demand curve. On the other hand, if Sainsbury strategizes to increase their product price, the rivalries might not follow the leaders strategy in this oligopolistic market structure. As a result, the demand for product of these rivalry firms decreases considerably (de Chernatony, 2012 ). Furthermore, the organizations existing in UKs retail industry are mainly involved in non-price competition in order to enhance their overall sales. Non-price competition refers to the marketing strategy where one company strategizes to differentiate their commodities from their competitors based on its product features and design, quality of service, extent of product distribution etc. However, this non-price competition enhances the profitability level of Sainsbury and also helps them in expanding their business in the global market. Success Factors of Sainsbury when operating in UKs retail industry Near about 75 companies operate in UK retail industry. The players operating in this industry manufactures either differentiated or homogenous product so that they can differentiated themselves from their competitors (Rios, McConnell Brue, 2013) In addition, the retailers in this industry strategize to shift their focus to promotional activities for attaining reputation and building brand value. Therefore, the key players heavily spend on advertising and other marketing programs. The retail firms in this industry is basically concentrated as well as highly fragmented. Hence, the rivalries of Sainsbury and other key players are well positioned and established in this industry. The strategic action that this market leader strategizes to implement is to target their purchasers for perceiving the brand value and reputation in the market (Luceri Latusi, 2012). In addition, the players in this sector also analyze their competitors and existing market condition in order to attain competit ive advantage against them. The analysis of strength and weaknesses of competitors also benefits the market leaders. Additionally, competitive intelligence helps the key to know about the competitors position in this industry. This in turn helps them in planning their future action in the business activities. Sainsbury strategizes to innovate new product for establishing their position in the marketplace. The environmental regulation also influences the competitive performance of the firms (Mankiw, 2014). Additionally, reforms in tax structure also affect the financial performance of these key players in this industry. Recent statistics reflects that Tesco has been the market leader and has better position than other players have in the market. Moreover, Sainsbury has been ranked in the second place in UKs retail industry. The strategies that Sainsbury adopts for gaining competitive advantage are- brand marketing, inbound as well as outbound logistics, creation of new products, revising of products prices by focusing on its rivalries action, implementation of new software and hiring of new experts in every department (Baldwi Scott, 2013). The product that this company offers are somewhat differentiated in nature in terms of design and quality. Furthermore, adoption of new policy by the government of UK also influences this retail industry either in positive or negative way. Reforms in few policies also increase competition among the firms in this retail industry (Bauer, 2014). This in turn adversely influences the new entrants entering in this industry. Moreover, each participant that operates in this oligopolistic market such as producers, suppliers, customers and other stakeholders also plays vital role by helping the firms in achieving success and expanding their business. Out of these participants , the retailers play the major role as the helps the firms in gathering all kinds of information about the market condition, customers and other competitors (Chen Wu, 2012). This helps the retail firms in designing the good based on the preferences and requirements of customers. This in turn helps the firms in attaining trust of the customers. Besides this, they also acquire the feedback from their buyers throughout the development process of the product for ensuring that the end commodity fulfills their customers need. The customers feedback also facilitates them in guiding their business as well as in marketing decisions (Baumol Blinder, 2015) Therefore, the information about the product, market and customers buying behavior has been readily available to each participant in the industry through social media. Price determination refers to setting of price by market forces that balance demand and supply of product for optimizing output. Price of a product is determined in the mark et through demand and supply, production cost, competitors action and government regulation. Each firm in this oligopolistic market structure can attain long run economic profit because of these success factors. Conclusion The dominant players in UK retail industry discourage new entrants and also seeks to keep out their competitors out in the marketplace. In addition, fierce competition in this market structure helps the firm in improving their product and business activities. Though the players in this industry are non collusive in behavior, they allows healthy competition. However, this also affects the firms in determining price of product. Thus, implementation of proper strategy helps them to achieve success in business. References Baldwin, W., Scott, J. (2013).Market structure and technological change(Vol. 18). Taylor Francis. Bauer, M. J. R. (2014). Principles of microeconomics. Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Chen, P. Y., Wu, S. Y. (2012). The impact and implications of on-demand services on market structure.Information Systems Research,24(3), 750-767. de Chernatony, L. (2012). The impact of the changed balance of power from manufacturer to retailer in the UK packaged groceries market.Journal of Retail and Marketing Channels (RLE Retailing and Distribution), 258.and UK retailing productivity: evidence from microdata.Economica,79(315), 425-448. Dunne, T., Klimek, S. D., Roberts, M. J., Xu, D. Y. (2013). Entry, exit, and the determinants of market structure.The RAND Journal of Economics,44(3), 462-487 Luceri, B., Latusi, S. (2012). The importance of consumer characteristics and market structure variables in driving multiple store patronage.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,19(5), 519-525. Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Essentials of economics. Cengage learning. Matsumura, T. and Tomaru, Y., 2012. Market structure and privatization policy under international competition.The Japanese Economic Review,63(2), pp.244-258. Rios, M. C., McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L. (2013). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Yu, W., Ramanathan, R., Nath, P. (2014). The impacts of marketing and operations capabilities on financial performance in the UK retail sector: A resource-based persp

Odontogenesis Essay Example

Odontogenesis Essay The origin or the development of the tooth and tissue formation is known as Odontogenisis. The formation of the tooth begins at six weeks in the human embryo. However not all tooth develop at the same time. Although Odontogenisis is a continuous process it is divided into various stages. These stages are Bud stage, Cap stage and Bell stage which is followed by root formation and eruption. The basal layer of the ectoderm which is derived from the oral epithelium at the stomadeum undergoes proliferation both on the maxillary and mandibular arches. This however forms a horse shoe like shape of ectodermal tissue, which is the dental lamina; the ectomesenchyme which is derived from the neural crest cells surrounds the dental lamina. The epithelial derived cells are separated from the underlying and surrounding connective tissue elements by the thin acellular layer the basement layer The Bud Stage The bud develops distally of the dental lamina on each arch. These correlate to the ten temporary teeth of each dental arches, this identifies the bud stage of tooth development. The basement membrane separates the bud from the ectomesenchyme. The ectomesenchyme cells are located deep to the bud forming clusters of cells, which is the beginning of the thickening of the ectomesenchyme. The remaining ectomesenchyme cells are grouped more or less in a uniformed manner. The Cap Stage Cells of the inferior aspect of each tooth bud proliferate forming a larger, more expanded structure, the cap. The cap is known to be composed of an epithilially derived enamel organ, which is separated by the basement membrane, from the condensation of ectomesenchymal cells knows as dental papilla We will write a custom essay sample on Odontogenesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Odontogenesis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Odontogenesis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Bell Stage The bell stage is also termed as the differentiation stage. Mitotic activity of the enamel organ enlarges this structure and forms a new cell layer which is called the stratum intermeduim. The enlarged structure resembles a bell hence it is called the bell stage of tooth development. The cubodial cells from the previous stages start to form columnar cells which form inner enamel epithelium and outer enamel epithelium and stellate reticulum because the star shaped cells stratum intermeduim. Towards the second stage the dental lamina breaks of and there are capillary growths up and the follicle condenses and then breaks off and goes deeper. Cytodifferentiation stage, stage of the bell stage The inner epithelial cell signals dental papilla to form odontoblast. The formed odontoblast signals the inner epithelial cells to now form ameloblast. There dentin is formed first then enamel a little at a time.

Free Essays on The Case Of The Unpopular Pay Plans

The Case of the Unpopular Pay Plans Tom Ehrenfeld (HBR Jan- Feb 1992) Yogesh Yadav Roll no 451 GUDMS The command and control style of leadership is becoming redundant and the team-based approach to work is increasingly becoming popular. It is the most essential component of success as diversity of ideas and input helps a lot in making better decisions aligning teams toward a common objective and creating the same incentive system across the entire company would help direct everyone’s talent toward creating value for customers and shareholders. Teamwork plays an important role in the success of any organization. Teamwork characterizes values that encourage listening and responding constructively to others’ views, providing support, and recognizing the interests and achievements of others. These values ensure team performance, individual performance, and organizational performance. The new pay plan rolled out has all these features incorporated in it. Yet we see, not all employees are in the favor of the same. Then what should Sam Verde do before he rolls out a new plan for TopChem Before rolling out the compensation / pay system for TopChem, Sam Verde should ask himself â€Å" What does the compensation package want to convey to the employees?† Whether we realize it or not, it is says a lot. Childcare and health benefits say that you value family. Throwing a party at the end of your business's busy season lets the employees and their families know that you appreciate it when your people go the extra mile. That message is important. It is important, therefore, that he gives a lot of consideration to the compensation structure. After all, for employees, compensation is the equivalent not to how they are paid but, ultimately, to how they are valued. He should make some minor modification to the system as follows: 80 % of the former pay (base pay now) should be determined by internal equity so as to avoid... Free Essays on The Case Of The Unpopular Pay Plans Free Essays on The Case Of The Unpopular Pay Plans The Case of the Unpopular Pay Plans Tom Ehrenfeld (HBR Jan- Feb 1992) Yogesh Yadav Roll no 451 GUDMS The command and control style of leadership is becoming redundant and the team-based approach to work is increasingly becoming popular. It is the most essential component of success as diversity of ideas and input helps a lot in making better decisions aligning teams toward a common objective and creating the same incentive system across the entire company would help direct everyone’s talent toward creating value for customers and shareholders. Teamwork plays an important role in the success of any organization. Teamwork characterizes values that encourage listening and responding constructively to others’ views, providing support, and recognizing the interests and achievements of others. These values ensure team performance, individual performance, and organizational performance. The new pay plan rolled out has all these features incorporated in it. Yet we see, not all employees are in the favor of the same. Then what should Sam Verde do before he rolls out a new plan for TopChem Before rolling out the compensation / pay system for TopChem, Sam Verde should ask himself â€Å" What does the compensation package want to convey to the employees?† Whether we realize it or not, it is says a lot. Childcare and health benefits say that you value family. Throwing a party at the end of your business's busy season lets the employees and their families know that you appreciate it when your people go the extra mile. That message is important. It is important, therefore, that he gives a lot of consideration to the compensation structure. After all, for employees, compensation is the equivalent not to how they are paid but, ultimately, to how they are valued. He should make some minor modification to the system as follows: 80 % of the former pay (base pay now) should be determined by internal equity so as to avoid...

Battle of Narva - Great Northern War Battle of Narva

Battle of Narva - Great Northern War Battle of Narva Conflict Date: The Battle of Narva was fought November 30, 1700, during the Great Northern War (1700-1721). Armies Commanders: Sweden King Charles XII8,500 men Russia Duke Charles Eugà ¨ne de Croy30,000-37,000 men Battle of Narva Background: In 1700, Sweden was the dominant power in the Baltic. Victories during the Thirty Years War and subsequent conflicts had enlarged the nation to include territories ranging from northern Germany to Karelia and Finland. Eager to combat Swedens power, its neighbors of Russia, Denmark-Norway, Saxony, and Poland-Lithuania conspired to attack in the late 1690s. Opening hostilities in April 1700, the allies intended to strike Sweden from several directions at once. Moving to meet the threat, 18-year old King Charles XII of Sweden elected to deal with Denmark first. Leading a well-equipped and highly trained army, Charles launched a bold invasion of Zealand and began marching on Copenhagen. This campaign forced the Danes out of the war and they signed the Treaty of Travendal in August. Concluding business in Denmark, Charles embarked with around 8,000 men for Livonia in October with the intention of driving an invading Polish-Saxon army from the province. Landing, he instead decided to move east to aid the city of Narva which was threatened by Tsar Peter the Greats Russian army. The Battle of Narva: Arriving at Narva in early November, Russian forces began laying siege to the Swedish garrison. Though possessing a core of well-drilled infantry, the Russian army had not yet been fully modernized by the tsar. Numbering between 30,000 and 37,000 men, the Russian force was arrayed from south of the city in a curved line running to the northwest, with their left flank anchored on the Narva River. Though aware of Charles approach, Peter departed the army on November 28 leaving Duke Charles Eugà ¨ne de Croy in command. Pressing east through bad weather, the Swedes arrived outside the city on November 29. Forming for battle atop Hermansberg hill a bit more than a mile from the city, Charles and his chief field commander, General Carl Gustav Rehnskià ¶ld, prepared to assault the Russian lines the next day. Opposite, Croy, who had been alerted to the Swedish approach and relatively small size of Charles force, dismissed the idea that the enemy would attack. On the morning of November 30, a blizzard descended across the battlefield. Despite the foul weather, the Swedes still prepared for battle, while Croy instead invited the majority of his senior officers to dinner. Around midday, the wind shifted to the south, blowing the snow directly into the Russians eyes. Spotting the advantage, Charles and Rehnskià ¶ld began advancing against the Russian center. Using the weather as cover, the Swedes were able to approach to within fifty yards of the Russian lines without being spotted. Surging forward in two columns, they shattered the troops of General Adam Weyde and Prince Ivan Trubetskoy and broke Croys line in three. Pressing home the assault, the Swedes forced the surrender of the Russian center and captured Croy. On the Russian left, Croys cavalry mounted a spirited defense but was driven back. In this part of the field, the retreat of Russian forces led to the collapse of a pontoon bridge over the Narva River which trapped the bulk of the army on the west bank. Having gained the upper hand, the Swedes defeated the remnants of Croys army in detail through the rest of the day. Looting the Russian camps, Swedish discipline wavered but the officers were able to maintain control of the army. By morning, the fighting had ended with the destruction of the Russian army. Aftermath of Narva: A stunning victory against overwhelming odds, the Battle of Narva was one of Swedens greatest military triumphs. In the fighting, Charles lost 667 killed and around 1,200 wounded. Russian losses were approximately 10,000 killed and 20,000 captured. Unable to care for such a large number of prisoners, Charles had the enlisted Russian soldiers disarmed and sent east while only the officers were kept as prisoners of war. In addition to the captured arms, the Swedes captured nearly all of Croys artillery, supplies, and equipment. Having effectively eliminated the Russians as a threat, Charles controversially elected to turn south into Poland-Lithuania rather than attack into Russia. Though he won several notable victories, the young king missed a key opportunity to take Russia out of the war. This failure would come to haunt him as Peter rebuilt his army along modern lines and eventually crushed Charles at Poltava in 1709.

To what extent might Globalization be seen as disadvantageous to the Essay

To what extent might Globalization be seen as disadvantageous to the world in which we live - Essay Example There are several severe disadvantages as well and they include: The first disadvantage that talks about flow of manpower from developing countries to the developed countries is a phenomenon that many developed countries have witnessed. Countries like US, UK, France, Germany, and other developed countries have witnessed a flurry of demands of visas from people from developing countries who want to immigrate to them for better opportunities and lifestyle. Now, this puts pressure on the employment levels and many people might lose their jobs. This specifically applies to the economic situation prevailing now as the unemployment is ruling through the roof and is in vicinity of 10 percent in the US. Another problem is that of the drop in wages and salaries that people in developed countries might have to witness as a consequence of cheap labor entering into their countries. Another big disadvantage of Globalization is the something that the world is witnessing these days. This will be best explained in one of the points to follow. There is a sharp drop in growth of countries with a drop in growth of the Unites States. Also, the countries are facing a sharp liquidity crisis because of the subprime crisis of the US.The subprime crisis started with the subprime lenders lending at higher rates than usual to the borrowers with bad economic history and lesser ability to pay back. The subprime lending functions on the principle of no collateral and higher interests. There debt instruments are then traded and are passed on to other banks or institutions which are ready to take them for the higher interest they get out of them. Effects of the crisis on the US and World Economies and Recent Shutdowns Due to the passing on of the debt instruments some prominent hedge funds have failed to declare their current asset values. The problem has led to a total crunch of liquidity in the US. The markets witnessed BNP Paribas announce that it had frozen 3 of its hedge funds due to evaporation of liquidity, totaling around 1.6 billion pounds. The reason was that, it was not possible for the bank to value units of the funds due to the affect of the US subprime market on them. The funds contained the bundles of subprime loans, the demand for which have fallen drastically over the last few months. Banks around Europe feared a total liquidity crunch as they feared that they might run out of cash to sustain day to day lending. ECB went to the extent of injecting 155 billion pounds to ease the system of. Investors around the world started backing off

Article response paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Response paper - Article Example Further, the article examines synonyms, as well as the role they play in education and particularly in language. Moreover, the article explores the use of super-ordinates, especially their use in definitions. Another main point in the article includes the use of general words, especially with regard to how they relate with nouns. The article further explores how nouns can be used when students wish to refer to certain events, especially the events that could have been mentioned in writing at the start. Personal Observations/Comments Reading this article exposed me to significant ideas, which I had no prior knowledge about before I read it. From the article, I have managed to understand the relationship that exists between coherence and cohesion. The article has helped me understand that cohesion is the product of coherence. At the same time, I have gained insights into the varying definitions of the two terms from the perspectives of various authors. From the arguments of the author, in the article, one can deduce that there exists lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion, which have immense differences. I have learnt that textual cohesion can be said to emanate from lexical cohesion. In addition, the article points out that lexical cohesion can be attained through linking several lexical terms, which tend to co-occur. The author assesses the role of repetition, especially in relation to the achievement of lexical cohesion in texts that are based on science. From the author’s perspective on repetition, the use of a word endlessly cannot necessarily be termed as misusing the word. The article points out that the use of a word many times by the reader may have negative effects on the reader. From the text written by the Saudi intermediate user of English, it is evident that, because of the repetition of the words, the reader cannot understand what the writer meant. The text contains a lot of mistakes, which complicate the comprehension of the entire writi ng and bring confusion to the reader (McGee, 2008, p.213). After reading the article, I have also learnt about synonyms; from the article, it is apparent that there exist huge differences between the various forms of synonyms. The article also asserts that synonyms can be used in varying contexts, which may either be positive or negative concepts. It is also evident that students should not use synonyms as key words while writing; it is essential that students repeat the synonyms they use (McGee, 2008, p. 215). The article also highlights the use of super-ordinates in both writing and learning of language. The author contends that super-ordinates can be used in definitions; however, the author notes that there is little attention paid to the broad and extensive use of super-ordinates. While writing, the use of super-ordinates tends to come later and they can be said to have little information than other words. The article outlines the use of general words, especially in relation to their use while students wish to refer to certain events or circumstances (McGee, 2008, p. 216). The article points out the need for teachers and instructors to make students aware of the role played by lexical cohesion in bringing out textual cohesion. Text analysis can be done for several purposes with the main aim of helping students

School Event Essay Example for Free

School Event Essay This was a very interesting post!! I am high school math teacher in an urban district and I think the students need a detox at the beginning of the year. I think the most frightening thing is how many students just â€Å"hate† school. I think educators in my school district have been lead to believe that we start teaching subject skills on day 1. We don’t always have the chance to get to know our students on day one except for their names and maybe their birthdates. I really appreciate the links to the tools you use during your detox week. We have personal learning plans for our students using our district wide online system but they are very tedious and it’s more of chore for the students because the questions focus on short and long term goals and some of them just haven’t thought about goals for themselves. I think if schools spent time getting to know their students we could avoid a lot of the misbehavior. I also think that some teachers don’t want to get to know their students because teaching is just a paying job. Teachers need to be detox as well, we could have talks during our first few days of professional development with teachers to help them let go some of negative feelings they have against their students. I don’t know if I could go ice blocking with my students but I wonder if my school could start off the school year with a spirit week instead of at the middle of or end of the school year. I think most students would like to see their teachers have a little fun instead of viewing them as the wardens at the state prison. I think the first impressions dictate how people will treat us in the future so why not share a smile and then talk about classroom environments that function safely and productively for all.

Moby Dick, Or The Whale :: essays research papers

I. Author InformationHerman Melville, was born in 1819, in a very "good" neighborhood in New York. A. Many influences on Melville's works were European literature, experiences in his travels, and tragedy in his life. B. Melville was born into the time when inspiring works of American literature began to emerge. Yet, European heritage in literature still had a strong hold on American writers of the time. C. Other contributions by Herman Melville were his narrative poems, and writings of other sea journeys.II. SettingMoby Dick is set in a time when whaling was a very well known trade, it was made popular because of the dyer need for oil for lamps. A. The time of the journey was started on a cold December day, where he enters with a carpet bag on his shoulder at the shipping port of New Bedford, and finds a room at the Spouter Inn with a massive South Sea Islander named Queequeg. " What a pity they didn't stop up the chinks and the crannies though, and thrust in a little lint here and there. But it's too late to make any improvement's now. The universe is finished the copestone is on, and the chips were carted off a million years ago." B. The setting, over all, suggests a rustic, hard seamens life on the open ocean, it being very hard on a man, but very fulfilling.III. CharacterCharacters in this classic novel are very unique, in physical, emotional, and mental aspects. A. Ahab is a one-legged man, feared by most of the crew, he is the Captain of the Pequod, and he has sworn death on Moby Dick, the great white whale, whom left Ahab with only one leg. Emotionally and mentally Ahab is a scared man, from his last encounter with Moby Dick, he seemed like a man very determined in his ways, willing full, and moody. B. The characters of this work have many impacts on the feelings in the book, Ahab is the strong force, while Ishmal, the narrator, is the understanding compassionate man of the Pequod. IV. PlotThe plot of Melville's work is very distinguished in all perspectives of the novel. A. The exposition is set at the beginning when Ishmal sets forth on the journey on the whaling ship, the Pequod, with Captain Ahab. In Ishmal's talking of the whale, and Ahab's craving to put death to the great fish, the narrative hook is created.

Blue Nile Essay

The spreadsheet I did presents a summary of Blue Nile financial results from 2005 to 2009. From 2005 to 2007 revenues and net income both increased. The deep recession which began in late 2007 seriously affected the revenue in 2008. And then in 2009 the revenue recovered and increased slightly. I am going to analysis the financial performance in three parts. First, profitability ratios. Blue Nile had steady return on asset ratios around . 1. The company utilized its assets very efficiently and outperformed their competitors. By doing research on Yahoo Finance, we know the industry return on equity is 0. 18. Blue Nile’s return on equity ratio was much higher. It created better return to investors. Net profit margins were mostly lower than the industry average level. For example in 2009, Blue Nile only had net income of 4 cents for each dollar sale. Its low margins can be explained by its low pricing of products. As Rita said, Blue Nile had a much lower markup than Tiffany. Blue Nile’s number for liquidity ratios are impressive. Such high ratios from 2005 through 2009 show the company’s great ability to pay short-term debt. One of the company’s strategies is that suppliers finance Blue Nile’s sales growth. ( ) The business model contributed to higher sales volumes with minimal additional capital investment. With respect to leverage ratios, Blue Nile had really low long-term debt to equity ratios compared to the industry. Tiffany’s long-term debt to equity was as high as . 39. Because Blue Nile offered a balance between the debt to equity range and firm’s cost of capital, its capital structure was optimal. The company had low capital investment financed by creditors and bondholders. Its debt to assets ratios are over . 5, which means it, had a lot of debt obligations. However, most of the company’s debt was current and it was able to pay off creditors in a timely manner. Creditors did not need to worry about getting paid. Blue Nile’s strong financial performance intuitively indicated the company’s strategies were pretty well-conceived and well-executed.

Fair-value accounting change Essay

The role played by the financial market in determining the levels of performance that can be recorded by the economy is not in doubt.   The 2008 economic crisis is a vivid reminder to all policy makers and even governments to ensure that issues that affect the economy are objectively addressed. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) which is a key player in the financial sector appears to be oblivious of its role in the economy and has once again used its mandate to develop a standard that is not relevant to business let alone accounting.   The move to adopt the mark-to-market accounting standard is a dark mark in American accounting history that may in fact lead to poor practices within the financial systems that have proven to be potent to the economy. It took America nearly 15 years to develop its constitutions; strategic management specialist have time and again pointed to the close relationship that exists between rapid change and failure and the FASB has for years taken months in seeking suggestions and deliberating upon them before making any proclamation that may affect the nature of the business environment[1].     All these are events or standards that the business world and America as a whole has come to accepted as being reflective of factors that affect the business environment. The speed with which the mark-market standards moved from proposal to being a standard brings about questions on objectivity[2].   A look at the last two times that America has found itself in crisis it has been the financial systems that duped to investors by inflating their performance or potential.   It is unlikely that such a hurried process which eliminates systems that have protected American investors will be of any good. FASB’s modification of its rules is often waited upon with anticipation by all players in the business world.   The change in the fair value rules or standards is the main area of controversy in FASB’s changes.   While the banking and financial institutions have praised the move as an effort to reduce the negative effect that previous standards had on developing a ‘clear picture’ of their performance[3], investors are worried stiff on the effect that it will have on disclosures by banking and financial institutions that are traditionally known for overvaluing their assets and even performance. The fair value accounting rules had been blamed by a number of financial institutions that are notably under pressure from the 2008 economic crisis for being irrelevant to inactive markets. The mark-to-market accounting system that has been presented by FASB allows companies to use their judgment to gauge prices of some investments and backed securities.   Analysts were quick to note that the measures could in fact impact on the net income and affect bank write downs.   Pro mark-to-market standard institutions have hailed the changes with statements like ‘the mortgage and market was not working and something had to change’.   This is reflective of the true objective behind the move.   Investors who have been defrauded by American institutions in a number of occasions are wary of the changes that place them in a position where they are susceptible to exploitation by the financial community. The integrity of a development is largely dependent on the process that culminated in its existence.   Under this consideration, investors are innocent of ‘unnecessary suspicion developed from poor past experiences’.   The series of event that culminated into the existence of the mark-to-market standard is a reflection of the negative effect that the congress can have on effective decision making.   In his presentation on March 12th the chair of FASB did not mince his words in pointing out the faults that are inherent of the mark-to-market standards that the financial community was pushing for. The definition presented by Herz which should be presumed of FASB’s definition of fair value is that it is the worth of an asset being exchanged between two informed parties[4].   In ending his statement the chair stated that America is in a challenging time that requires improvements in nearly all sectors and by trying to suppress financial information offered to investors there is little that will have been done to change the conditions.   His statement is a pointer to the misinformed objective that the change may affect the position that America currently is in and the existence of fair value system within financial practices. Whatever happened between 12th March and April 2nd is best left to Americans’ imagination.   The congress’ pressure has especially been cited by the media and being central to the changes that FASB made in fair accounting standards.   The same rule which had been dimmed lacking in objectivity became relevant to the American dilemma in a space of three weeks.   The hurried implementation of the change is the unspoken variables that belie its objectives. A pro derived from the development is the awareness that America is in a desperate position which needs to be addressed with immediate effect.   Moreover, the negative effect that bad performance within financial institutions had on the stock market may soon be historical events as financial agencies have been given a leeway to confuse investors and hide poor performance.   Profits that have not been evidenced since the likes of Enron went down may soon be usual and the same can be said of the pain that investors underwent in the turn of the century. The cons are clear especially sidelining of the effects that the operational environment has on operations.   The development allows for businesses to operate in a manner suggestive of independence from the operational environment while investors who may be aware of the prevailing environment are subjected to these daydreams.   The results may be increased wrangles within management boards, unethical practices within financial institutions and reduced confidence on financial disclosures which goes against their objectives. If any one thought that the FASB is perturbed by the controversies surrounding the development then they are in for a big surprise.   The FASB has practically done nothing and has sat back with some postulating that the next step they take may involve providing organizations with an environment where they can alter the value of all their assets at will. The standards used by investors and   financial players under the environment developed by the mark-to-market standards is non-uniform and may lead to a number of upheavals and even miscommunication that negatively affect value generation. It is evident from Herz’s speech on March 12th that the mark-to-market standard is a non-objective measure to curb the effects of the 2008 crisis.   The pressure placed on the FASB by the congress whose affiliation to financial heavyweight is not a mystery is central to the change.   This is not the first time such a development is being recorded for the French President played a pivotal role in some controversial changes made by the GAAP[5]. Investors should only worry for the short term for such subjective developments have historically proven to be uneventful.   It is only a matter of time before the follies in the mark-to-market standard that are actually known to all parties in the business fraternity manifests in the practical environment with dire results.   Changes that are appreciative of the operational environment will then be the only way out.

study of ralph waldo emerson essays

study of ralph waldo emerson essays A Close Study of Ralph Waldo Emerson Thesis: Throughout his life, Emerson was influenced by many intelligent people which enabled him to go far beyond his dreams. A Close Study of Ralph Waldo Emerson The American lecturer, essayist, and poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson {1803-1882} is generally considered as a seminal figure in American literature. Emerson was born on May 25,1803 in Boston, Mass. He was the fourth child of an old and respected, though not wealthy, New England family. His father, William, was a minister at the First Church in Boston, the sixth generation of Emerson's to serve as ministers (Perkins 124). At home William and his wife, Ruth Haskins Emerson, provided a stable though cautious and strict home life for their eight children, of whom three died at infancy. The family's financial situation was irritated by the father's declining health after 1808, ending in his death three years later (Merriam 298). During those years Emerson's relation to his father seems to have been troubled, though perhaps not more so than might have been expected from any boy in his situation. The central figure of these years was Emerson's paternal aunt, Mary Moody Emerson, who after the father's death, moved in with the family to help Ruth raise the children and run the boardinghouse that increased their scanty income (Myerson 332). His aunt was an influence upon his young life, as was the firm background of the ministry in his family. Throughout his life, Emerson was influenced by many intelligent people which enabled him to go far beyond his dreams. Emerson's schooling was traditional for someone of his social standing. In 1812 he began to prepare for college at the Boston Public Latin School. Five years later, at fourteen, he entered Harvard, the youngest member of his class. He twice won second place in an essay competition and was named class poet-after classmates refused the honor. He graduated in the middle of his class, thirte...

Major Courses Needed for a Statistics Degree

Major Courses Needed for a Statistics Degree So you want to study statistics in college. What courses will you need to take? Not only will you be taking classes that pertain directly to statistics, but you will also take classes that are similar, if not identical, to those taken by students majoring in mathematics. Below is an overview of courses that commonly make up the core of a Bachelor’s degree in statistics. Requirements for a degree vary from one  institution to another, so be sure to check with your own college or university catalog to be certain what you will need to take in order to graduate with a major in statistics. Calculus Courses Calculus is foundational for many other areas of mathematics. The typical calculus sequence involves at least three courses. There is some variation on how these courses segment the information. Calculus teaches problem-solving and develops numerical competency, both skills that are important for statistics. In addition to this, a knowledge of calculus is necessary to prove results in statistics. Calculus One:  In the first course of the calculus sequence you will learn to think carefully about functions, exploring topics such as limits and continuity. The main focus of the class will move to the derivative, which calculates the slope of the line tangent to a graph at a given point. Towards the end of the course, you will learn about the integral, which is a way to calculate the area of regions that have strange shapes.Calculus Two:  In the second course of the calculus sequence you will learn more about the process of integration. The integral of a function is typically harder to compute that its derivative, so you will learn about different strategies and techniques. The other major topic of the course is typically infinite sequences and series. Intuitively, this topic examines infinite lists of numbers, and what happens when we try to add these lists together.Calculus Three:  The underlying assumption of calculus one and two is that we deal with functions with only o ne variable. Real life is much more complicated with several variables in the most interesting applications. So we generalize the calculus that we know already, but now with more than one variable. This leads to results that can no longer be depicted on graph paper but need three (or more) dimensions to illustrate. Other Mathematics Courses In addition to the calculus sequence, there are other courses in mathematics that are important to statistics. They include the following courses: Linear Algebra:  Linear algebra deals with the solutions to equations that are linear, meaning that the highest power of the variables is the first power. Although the equation 2x 3 7 is a linear equation, the equations that are of most interest in linear algebra involve several variables. The topic of matrices is developed to solve these equations. Matrices become an important tool to store data in statistics and other disciplines. Linear algebra also directly pertains to the area of regression in statistics.Probability:  Probability is foundational for much of statistics. It gives us a way to quantify chance events. Starting with set theory to define basic probability, the course will move on to more advanced topics in probability such as conditional probability and  Bayes theorem. Examples of other topics may include discrete and continuous random variables, moments, probability distributions, the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem.Real Analysis:  This co urse is a careful study of the real number system. In addition to this, the concepts in calculus such as limit and continuity are developed rigorously. Many times theorems in calculus are stated without proof. In analysis, the goal is to prove these theorems using deductive logic. Learning proof strategies is important to develop clear thinking. Statistics Courses Finally, we arrive at what you want to major in, statistics. Although the study of statistics is heavily dependent upon mathematics, there are some courses that do specifically pertain to statistics. Introduction to Statistics:  The first course in statistics will cover basic descriptive statistics such as average and standard deviation. In addition, some topics of statistical inference such as hypothesis testing will be encountered for the first time. Depending upon the level and aims of the course, there may be a number of other topics. Some courses overlap with probability and will involve a study of different types of probability distributions. Other courses are more data-driven and will focus on how to use computational software to analyze the statistics of these data sets.Mathematical Statistics:  Here the topics of the introduction to statistics course are dealt with in a mathematically rigorous fashion. There may be few if any data involved in this course. Rather the ideas from most if not all of the mathematics courses are used to deal with statistical ideas in a theoretical way.Specialized Courses:  There are a variety of other courses that you could then take to earn a degree in statistics. Many colleges and universities have entire courses built around regression, time series, actuarial studies and biostatistics. Most statistics programs require that you complete several of these courses in specialized topics.

Chinese Art Influence on Western Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese Art Influence on Western Culture - Essay Example This interest was mainly fostered on appreciation for the unknown, as most Europeans were never afforded the chance to visit China themselves. This paper will analyze in-depth four pieces of Chinese art from a specific region of China—Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen—and how they have evolved and shaped western art; the four pieces of art are a Meiping vase, Porcelain serving dish with fish design, water fountain and basin, and dish with phoenix and peonies. The Meiping vase was first forged during the Yuan dynasty around roughly 1320 A.D. – 1350 A.D. This tall blue and white vase shows two figurative scenes that derive from the drama Xi Xiang Ji, which is a play about an affair between a young scholar and the daughter of a high ranking minister. The form of drama was particularly popular during this period in Chinese history, and this can be shown with the Meiping vase. The idea of showing narratives from novels and dramas was first derived during the Jin dynasty an d then subsequently the Yuan dynasty. Despite this fact, examples like the Meiping vase are very rare before the seventeenth century. This particular type of vase has become very popular with western art lovers, with this form of vase, or similar ones, commonplace in the homes of many upper-middle class homes. Likewise, the Porcelain serving dish with fish design also came from the Yuan dynasty during a similar era (1330 A.D. – 1360 A.D.). It comes as no surprise then that the design and style of this Porcelain serving dish are very similar to the Meiping vase. As such, it is also a common feature in many homes of western art lovers. The dish began to be exported during the Yuan dynasty to regions such as India, the Middle East, and North Africa. As Chinese did not usually travel too far out of their homeland, Arab and Persian merchants often had the task of exporting ceramics like this one (Medley 170). The reason why the dish was so popular everywhere it traveled was that i t was larger than most other dishes, thus offering space for large amounts of food to be consumed. Other regions tailored the dish to suit their own cultures, but western art has largely kept Chinese dishes like these in their original forms. The water fountain and base is in complete contrast to the previous two pieces of art from the Ying dynasty; this work of art is derived from the Qing dynasty at the much later period of 1735 A.D. – 1740 A.D. This would have likely been used by the Chinese as a means to wash their hands after a meal. While western culture does not use exactly instruments like these to wash hands, it has taken the concept and used it to turn into a sink. Another interesting fact about this work is that it was designed not by a Chinese artist, but by the well-respected Dutch painter Cornells Pronk. Pronk was commissioned by the Dutch East India Company to produce artwork that would sell better back in his homeland rather than Chinese made pieces of art. Fo r this reason, this work of art is starkly different to the rest of the pieces in that it was designed by a western for western tastes while still trying to capture Chinese designs. Similar to the first two works of art, the dish with phoenix and peonies also comes from the Yuan dynasty and around the same time period (mid-fourteenth century). The designs on this dish are typical of dishes of that era just as in the Meiping vase and Porcelain serving

According to Give me liberty by Eric foner, explain why he thinks the Essay

According to Give me liberty by Eric foner, explain why he thinks the Civil Rights Movement challenged the very idea of freedom - Essay Example Foner (95) asserts that freedom at the time meant; being equal to the white race or not being enslaved. This freedom is contrasted with the other kinds of freedoms such as the freedom of speech, movement, among others that are already guaranteed by the American Constitution. Since the idea of freedom is narrowly focused, the author moves on to detail that even after the slaves are freed, they might still not have equal access to opportunities in life. In this case, the pursuit of freedom would change form so as to respond to the new realities. Then the focus would be on freedom with respect to economic power, or even freedom with respect to employee rights (Foner 100). According to the Foner (45), these changing social conditions are primarily responsible for the change in the meaning of freedom. They keep shifting its boundaries so that in the end, the idea of freedom is extremely amorphous. The author believes that instead of asking for freedom, civil rights activists were better off demanding liberties. This could have made their pursuit more focused and could have resulted in greater gains (Foner

GENETICS ASSISGNMENT (GENOGRAM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GENETICS ASSISGNMENT (GENOGRAM) - Essay Example Below is a three-generation genogram showing age, death, marriage, illness, abuses, and divorce status of the family. Genes, made of DNA bases, are the blueprint of inheritance (Skirton et al., 2005). Each individual has thousands of genes, with each individual inheriting a replica of the gene from their parents. The organization of genes is along string-like edifices called chromosomes and each individual receives 2-sets of 23 chromosomes one from their father and one from their mother (Tranin & Jenkins, 2003). Apparently, John has inherited the alcoholic habit from his father and Lois has inherited asthma from her father who had it as a recessive trait that developed from Lois’ paternal grandmother. A comprehensive DNA screening can be done to ascertain the exact level of alcoholism in John and maneuver on techniques of circumventing further alcoholism in the family (Jenkins & Lea, 2005). Additionally, John, Lois, and Rick can be subjected to patient education program where John will be taught on how to avoid alcohol, Lois on how to handle her asthmatic condition, and Rick on how to avoid becoming alcoholic or ascertain whether he is likely to be alcoholic in the future. John and Lois should learn on how to manage their situations rather than blaming their families for their medical conditions. However, it is ostensible that if the second generation (father in particular) had been subjected into programs that would enable them to effectively handle his conditions, the risks of asthma and alcoholism would have significantly been reduced in the third generation. Additionally, genetic testing for innate genetic variants should be performed to determine genetic risks for the third generations (Rick, Lois and John) progeny, diagnose the symptoms in John and Lois, and shed light on the appropriate treatment for John and Lois’s condition. Gene products, DNA, or chromosomes

Richard Hamilton Artist Analysis

Richard Hamilton Artist Analysis   Shae Eakright   Clipping images from American magazines, Richard Hamilton creates an image of a home that challenges viewers to acknowledge the materialistic thoughts that consumed their minds. As a photomontage, Just What Is It That Makes Todays Homes So Different, So Appealing?, contains several images cut from different sources and appears to be inspired however much by the style and medium of the Dada Movement. The economy in Britain at the time Hamilton created this piece was suffering from the war. The British people were left with few consumer indulgences. As a result of this, the British people appreciated the advancements in technology and the mass amounts of consumerism found in America. Richard Hamilton is just one of the many British artists who embraced and admired American culture, using it in his art to depict on of the themes of the Pop Art Movement. First it is important to note the setting that is illustrated in this image. It is clear that the figures are placed in a home. By looking into each of the objects, we can deduct that it is probably a living room. Hamilton has added several features to this work of art that help viewers identify it as a living room, and multiple consumer products that were growing in popularity at the time. There is a couch in the lower right hand corner as well as a couple lounging chairs found around the room. One of the chairs has a newspaper laying open draped over the armrest. A coffee table is placed in front of the couch and supports a teacup and coaster, a napkin, what appears to be a pastry, and a couple books. Next to the couch and the coffee table is a television with a bowl on fruit sitting on top of it. The TV is on and showing either a show or an ad with a beautiful woman, wearing a pearl necklace, talking on the phone. A side table sets next to the chair in the center of the image and holds a lamp and a decorative plant. A couple other decorative plants are placed in the room in other areas as well. An area rug with an unusual pattern fills much of the floor. There is a staircase leading up to a door on the left of the image. On the staircase is a woman using a Hoover vacuum cleaner. Framed photos and posters hang on the wall. Besides the woman on the staircase there are two main figures that occupy the room. Hamilton also made sure to add some features and items that wouldnt be found in the typical living room to make viewers question the automatic assumption that this is a living room. To start, the living room is not sheltered by a ceiling or roof; instead there is an opening that shows an enlarged image of the earth in space. The unusual rug covering the living room floor is actually an distant view of people covering a beach. Besides the lack of a ceiling, there are several other small details that stand out, making this an unusual interpretation of a living room. There is a tape recorder sitting in the middle of the living room floor. A canned ham rests on the coffee table, acting almost like a vase or decorative sculpture. The Ford logo covers the larger than normal lampshade that is near the center of the image. Instead of art or pictures of family members, the framed photos on the wall are a large comic book poster and a traditional nineteenth century portrait. The comic book pos ter is titled young Romance and shows an idealized woman standing static with a man holding each of her arms and another man standing behind the two of them. The large window on the side of the wall containing the door opens up to reveal a theater. The vacuum being used reaches from the floor level to the top of the staircase and has an arrow pointing to a spot roughly half the length of the hose that states, ordinary cleaners reach only this far. The two main figures in the image are out of place for the environment they are place in. The man positioned slightly off-center is standing in a body builder pose and looking directly at the viewers. He is wearing only his underwear and is holding a giant Tootsie Pop. The Tootsie Pop has the word POP printed on it in big letters; possibly referencing the art movement that this piece is associated with. The sucker appears to be pointing in the direction of the female figure that is seated on the couch. The woman is only wearing a lampshade on her head and couple small pieces of fabric barely covering her breasts. She is situated in a suggestive pose that appears to be very uncomfortable for relaxing on the couch. Hamilton provides viewers with a work of art that includes several topics such as male and female stereotypes, consumerism, mass media, and new developments in technology.

native son :: essays research papers

Native Son by Richard Wright is a novel written about a black boy trying to grow up in a white man's world. Bigger, the main character is growing up in a typical black neighborhood. He is the only man of the house so he must help his mother support them. In this novel it is important to understand that Bigger is prone to violence. In every tough situation he gets stuck in he refers to a violent action. This can be seen by the way he treats his friends and family. Richard Nathaniel Wright was born on September 4, 1908 on a Mississippi plantation. During Wright's childhood he was often hungry. This allowed Wright to write passionately and eloquently about the meaning of suffering in the lives of oppressed and exploited people because that suffering was an integral part of his own life. The Communist Party had been the only one to take a deep interest in Wright's life and had at one time offered to teach him to write. Richard Wright died on November 28, 1960, at the age of 52 in Paris. I feel that Max had the most influence on Bigger. Max helped Bigger realize what he had done wrong and how that not all white people were out to get the black man. At times Bigger felt that Max was only trying to hurt him but I think that deep down inside, Bigger knew Max was only there to help him. Max looked out for Bigger's best wishes. Max knew that if Bigger had testified the lawyers would have pounded him with questions and made him seem more guilty that he already was. I also think that it showed Bigger that Max cared about him and showed Bigger that he was going to help him though the trial. Max showed not only the court, but the nation as a whole, that there is no way that Bigger can receive a fair trial. Bigger and Max both know this. I also think that Bigger knows he is going to die Max is the only one trying to help him. Max is trying to do the impossible. That is make a black man innocent in a white man's court. Max not only had a major influence on Bigger, but he was one of the only people that cared about him and did not judge him by the color of his skin.

Emmett Till

Makayla Richards Mrs. Bonham Literature 101 5 March 2013 Emmett Till Research Paper Three Major Points: Lynching, Mississippi Trial, 1955 Thesis Statement: The murder of Emmitt Till was a murder that changed America The Emmett Till Case, 1955 Chilling Circumstances The story surrounding the death of Emmett Till provides chilling insight into the racism that dominated the South in the 1950s. Emmett was a fourteen-year-old Chicago native visiting his relatives in Mississippi.While out with his cousins and friends on the night of August 24, 1955 he allegedly whistled at a white woman in the grocery store owned by her husband. Stories vary as to what Till actually said or did. According to the woman Till grabbed her and made rude remarks. Some witnesses claimed that he only whistled at her. Still others assured that he made no problems at all, that he whistled continuously to control a speech defect. A Brutal Murder Roy Bryant considered his wife's life ruined by the incident. Several ni ghts after the episode, Bryant, his half brother J. W.Milam, and possibly others kidnapped Emmett from his relatives' house in the middle of the night. The two men beat him severely and, apparently saw that he had a picture of a white woman in his wallet, they shot Emmett and threw him in a nearby river. Several days later the body was found, and Bryant and Milam were charged with murder. A Surprise Verdict Mississippi politicians and newspapers condemned the murderers and promised justice. However, Mississippians became more defensive as the weeks passed. The Press attacked them with harsh judgment of racial violence in the South.The highly publicized trial of the two men was charged with racial tension. African-American politicians and reporters from the North were treated horribly and were segregated in the courtroom. The prosecution was poorly prepared, and the substance of the defense was the shocking claim that Till was not actually dead. The Killers Tell the Truth The truth o f what happened that night became public knowledge several months after the trial. William Bradford Huie, an Alabama journalist in Mississippi to report on the aftermath of the case, offered Bryant and Milam money to tell their story.Since the two could no longer be prosecuted for a crime of which they had already been accused of, they gladly told for a fee of how they had beaten and killed young Emmett Till. Huie reported what the killers told him in the January 24, 1956 issue of  Look magazine. Now publicly exposed as murderers, Bryant and Milam were shunned by the community, and both moved elsewhere within a year. Emmett Till in death became a saint for the civil rights movement, a symbol of the racial hatred African-Americans who had yet to overcome the situation.Citations: MLA Citation â€Å"Emmett Till†. Anti Essays. 23 Mar. 2013 APA Citation Emmett Till. Anti Essays. Retrieved March 23, 2013, from the World Wide Web: Source Citation:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Emmitt Till Case, 1 955. †Ã‚  Discovering U. S. History. Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in Discovering Collection. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Gale Group. October, 2001. Stephen J. Whitfield,  A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till  (New York: Free Press, 1988). Source Database:  Discovering U. S. History

Employment and Flag Question

List ONLY Southeast b. List each school separately, spelling out the complete and full name of all institutions c. List only your highest education Incorrect d. None of these The correct answer is: List each school separately, spelling out the complete and full name of all institutions Question 4 Hag question When listing items in the Experience section of your resume you should: a. Only list the experiences you liked b. List items in reverse chronological order, beginning with your most recent experience Correct c. List items in chronological order, beginning with the first experience you had d.Only list experiences which were a minimum of one year in length The correct answer is: List items in reverse chronological order, beginning with your most recent experience Question 5 If need to send in my resume immediately, is it okay to send it without checking for errors? True False Correct The correct answer is ‘False'. Question 6 Job Task items within my Experience section should have the following characteristics: a. Displayed in a bullet point format b. Each begin with a strong action verb c. Each are relevant to the position you're seeking d. All of the above Correct The correct answer is: All of the aboveQuestion 7 Your resume serves as a guide to your personality, goals, skill sets, and experience. A resume can determine whether you'll get an interview or not. Your resume needs to have the following: (select the best answer) a. Relevant personal data such as name and contact information. B. Work history (include internships, part-time work, etc. ) c. Educational background. Question 8 How should I list my responsibilities in my work history? A. Write down everything did in a brief paragraph under the position b. Use brief bullets to list the things I did that meet the requirements for the job I'm applying for c. E action verbs to describe my experience d. B & C Correct The correct answer is: B & C Question 9 The Experience section of your resume should : a. Be truthful b. Include complete employer names c. State specific position titles Question 10 Why should I avoid using resume templates? A. They can be difficult to personalize and may not upload correctly to employer job sites b. They do not appear professional c. They only allow the user to utilize one font style d. All of the above Incorrect The correct answer is: They can be difficult to personalize and may not upload correctly to employer job sites Question 11Should always submit the same resume for each position I apply for? A. Yes, because it contains my entire work history. B. No, because my resume will consistently be updated and should be adjusted to the different positions I apply for. Correct c. Yes, because it is easier to do it that way. D. None of the above The correct answer is: No, because my resume will consistently be updated and should be adjusted to the different positions I apply for. Question 12 speak several foreign languages. Should I list them on my res ume? A. I should always list any foreign languages know and provide my level of proficiency for each .

Sadomasochism essays

Sadomasochism essays Sex plays a major role in today's society. It seems that all forms of media use sex to help sell their products. From television, radio, music, and advertisements, to video games, the Internet, and even art and pictures, sex rules our society. In addition, many newspapers have recognized the attractiveness of sexual aggression as crime news, and therefore as prime news, lately. Some of these sexual acts are said to promote criminal behavior subconsciously among certain individuals. As rape and sexual assault became a more serious social problem in the 80's, this prime news story helped many papers to sell more copies in the competitive news market, while creating an impression of responsive and responsible reporting. In the 90's, sexual acts started to become more relaxed and doors were opening to the public eye. The public was soon seeing variations of sexual activities that seemed to be a little dark and mysterious to the everyday normal human being. Now in the year 2000 and the years to come, some sexual acts might in fact become normal to our everyday living. Everywhere you look nowadays sex is there slapping you in the face, however sexual activities have changed dramatically from that of the past. In this day and age, sex is a much more talked about topic then it used to be. With all this openness about sex, we have also seen a rise in some of the not so popular sexual activities. However, let's face it, the perpetuation of life all falls down to one act, the act of sex. There are many different meanings to sex. Sexual intercourse can be exercised through intercourse as a means of procreation, emotionally or for the simple pleasure of the act itself. However, sex can also be performed with different techniques or variations. Sadomasochism is just one of these variations of techniques that a person can use to reach their sexual peak. Sadomasochism is a term that combines two words, Sadism and Masochism. Sadis...

Introduction to accountant Essays

Introduction to accountant Essays Introduction to accountant Essay Introduction to accountant Essay Task-1 Acknowledgement: I would like to be grateful to my teacher for helping me out in this assignment. Introduction: For this assignment my aim to give advice to someone who is unsure about what is required and cannot see the purpose of maintaining accounting records. Basically, this person is one who does not understand the value of Account and its purpose. What is an accounting? An account is to be defined as the skills or practice of maintaining accounts and preparing reports. And the purpose is to aid financial control and Management of a business. Book keeping: Book keeping is the process of recording in books of account or on computers the financial effects of business transactions. In bookkeeping, an accountant keeps a comprehensive record of how much your business owes creditors and how much is owed to you. The records of these transactions also indicate how much you have invested in equipment and inventory. Why Accounting? There are many reasons to keep accounts in business, which consists these certain points: * To record * To monitor * To control * To manage * To measure * To inform The main features of Accounting * Recording Transaction * Monitoring activity and Controlling the business * Helping the management of the business * Informing the various stakeholders * Controlling the purse string * Planning for the feature * Comparing with past performance * Analysis and evaluation Recording Transaction- Recording transactions includes documenting revenues (by invoices or sales receipts), and entering purchases (in the account payable account) and expenditures (in the check register). Using Office Accounting, the small business owner can move beyond daily recording to higher level accounting tasks, such as recording sales orders, tracking prospective customers, and projecting sales opportunities and cash flow. Monitoring activity and controlling the business All business need to know how they are performing throughout the year. If sales suddenly start to fall this trend needs to be quickly identified and remedial action taken. Business will also need to track how much they are spending on running the business. If these costs are steadily raising it is likely that profits will start to fall. Helping the management of the business Management accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis in making informed business decisions that would allow them to be better equipped in their management and control functions. Analysis and evaluation It is possible to evaluate the performance of the company, make comparison with competitors and keep a record of the firms progress over periods of time. Financial Documents * An invoice- a document sent with goods sold on trade credit, informing the purchaser that the payment is due on a certain date. * A cash receipt- a proof of purchase given when something is paid in cash. * A credit note- a document issued to a purchaser when they have overpaid ,allowing credit on future payments * Proof of delivery-proof the items have been delivered and received at a certain destination. Financial transaction * Sales goods or services to customers * Debtors-customers who owe the business money for goods or services received on credits * Purchases- goods or services bought with the sole idea of resale * Creditors-the people or businesses that the business has purchased goods from on credit * Purchase of fixed assets-items that help the business to become more efficient * Expenses- items that need to be bought in order for the business to function Book of Account In order to record all of the above financial transactions a business will break its accounts books into four sections: a. The sales ledgers contains the personal accounts of all the debtors (customers) who have received or services and have yet to play for them. b. The purchase ledger contains the personal accounts of all the creditors-people the business has bought goods from and whom they will pay at a later date. c. The general ledger keeps a record of the monetary value of sales, purchases, sales returns and purchase returns. It contains the accounts which record the amount of money that has been spent on the expenses of the business. The other main account that is held within the general ledger is the cash book. This is the account that records all the money that has come in and gone out of the business. d. The journal records extraordinary items such as the start-up capital of a business and the purchase of a fixed assists. These are then posted to the general ledger in their own accounts. It is also used to record the correction of errors made in the double entry accounting. People who involved in Accounting Accountants- Accountants are responsibilities for supplying and using financial information. They are employed by businesses specialising in accountancy, or by a large firms which have their own financial department. They use the transactions recorded by these groups to produce final account. Clerks- Billing and posting clerks and machine operators, commonly called billing clerks, compile records of charges for services rendered or goods sold, calculate and record the amounts of these services and goods, and prepare invoices to be mailed to customers. Billing clerks review purchase orders, sales tickets, hospital records, or charge slips to calculate the total amount due from a customer. They must take into account any applicable discounts, special rates, or credit terms. A billing clerk for a trucking company often needs to consult a rate book to determine shipping costs of machine parts, for example. A hospitals billing clerk may need to contact an insurance company to determine what items will be reimbursed and for how much. Auditing Another function of these specialists is Auditing. Businesses which produce their own final accounts must by law have them checked for authenticity by an independent firm of accountants. This audit is performed annually. Legal Requirements Public limited companies are regulation by Companies Act 1985 and 1989 concerning the preparation and publication of financial statements. Companies are required to submit a copy of their account s annually to companies House. Companies with a turnover greater then à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60,000 are also required to have their accounts independently audited. Consequences of not keeping financial records There are also negative consequences to a business if financial information to be inaccurate. These include: * Criminal action * Cash flow problems from a high fax bill or criminal action * Shareholders losing confidence and investing elsewhere * Bad public image * Change to management structure Purposes and Considerations of Ratios and Ratio Analysis:- Ratios are highly important profit tools in financial analysis that help financial analysts implement plans that improve profitability, liquidity, financial structure, reordering, leverage, and interest coverage. Although ratios report mostly on past performances, they can be predictive too, and provide lead indications of potential problem areas. Ratio analysis is primarily used to compare a companys financial figures over a period of time, a method sometimes called trend analysis. Through trend analysis, can be identify trends, good and bad, and adjust the business practices accordingly. Can also see how ratios stack up against other businesses, both in and out of the business. Task-2 In task two my aim to explain the different between Capital expenditure and revenue expenditure; Capital income and revenue income Capital Expenditure are expenditures creating future benefits. Capital expenditure are used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as equipment, property, or industrial buildings. In accounting, a capital expenditure is added to an asset account. A capital expenditure is incurred when a business spends money either to buy fixed assets or to add to the value of an existing fixed asset. Included in such amounts is spending on: * acquiring fixed assets bringing them into business * legal costs of buying buildings * carriage inwards on machinery bought * Any other cost needed to make a fixed asset ready for use. There two types Asset. They are: 1. Fixed asset 2. Current asset Fixed asset: Fixed assets, as opposed to current asset are those assets with a remaining useful life of over a year. Following the accruals principal, these assets are shown on the balance sheet but their value is depreciated, and treated as an expense in the P ; L account for each year of their life. There are two types of fixed assets: * Tangible fixed assets * Intangible fixed assets Tangible fixed assets include physical assets such as land and buildings and equipment. Long term financial investments are also considered tangible. Current asset: Current assets are those assets that are expected to be used (sold or consumed) within a year, unlike fixed assets. Revenue expenditure -The day-to-day running costs of a business (staff wages, purchase of trading stock, rent of business premises, and so on) are referred to as revenue expenditure * Premises cost e.g. rent, heating, and land and lighting etc. * Administrative costs e.g. telephone charges, postage, stationery, printing * Staff cost e.g. salaries, wages, training, staff insurance, pensions * Selling and distribution costs e.g. carriage on sales, marketing * Finance costs e.g. bank charges, loan and mortgage interest * Purchase of stock e.g. cash and credit transaction Capital income Any income resulting from the sale of capital investment assets. * Sole trader a person who trades by himself/herself without the use of a company structure or partners and bears alone full responsibility for the actions of the business. * Loans- A fixed sum of money borrowed from a bank for a clearly defined period of time. The loan may be repaid in one lump sum, or by instalments * Shares Shares is a term referred to the units of ownership interest provided to the stockholder or owner of a company. The term is often used in connection with the number of units issued to an owner of Common Stock or Preferred Stock. There is two types of shareholders: 1. Preference shares: Shares with a fixed dividend. The holders of preference shares are entitled to their dividend before ordinary shareholders and rank above ordinary shareholders should the company be wound up. Preference shares are share capital but not equity share capital. 2. Ordinary shares: Shares which are the risk capital of the business, also known as equity. The holders are part owners of the company and are entitled to share in any profits made. * Mortgages A contract between a borrower and a lender where the lender guarantees payments until the debt is repaid. * Partners A partnership is a type of business entity in which partners share with each other the profits or losses of the business undertaking in which all have invested Liability: An amount owed; an obligation of a company or entity that settled in the future by transfer of assets, provision of services, or assignment of future economic benefit, it is the result of a past transaction. Liabilities are reported on a balance sheet and are usually divided into two categories: Current liabilities these liabilities are reasonably expected to be liquidated within a year. They usually include payables such as wages, accounts, taxes, and accounts payables etc. Long-term liabilities these liabilities are reasonably expected not to be liquidated within a year. They usually include issued long-term bonds, notes payables, long-term leases, pension obligations, and long-term product warranties. Formula: ASSEST=CAPITAL+LIABILTIES Fixed assets + current asset Example: Assets =à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 25000 Capital=? Liabilities= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½38000 Capital = Assets liabilities = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 25000-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½38000 = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½212000 Revenue Income Revenue income is the income of a business which is derived from the normal trading activities of that business. Income is mainly derived from sale of the businesss product or service but other incomer can be derived from rent receivable, interest on investments etc. * Rent received: means when you rent your property and received capital for lend your property. This is one of the revenue incomes. * Commission received: commission is another type of income for selling a product. For example sale assistant selling a car, will received a percentage of actual amount of which the car sold. * Sales (cash and credit transaction): with currency sales you will received a receipt, which is a legal documents and credit sale is when you give credit to consumer. Gross profit: Gross profit is a basic measure of the profitability of the business and it shows the return a business can make from making and selling its products. Gross Profit = Revenue Cost of Goods. Net profit: Net profit is gross profit minus other, overhead costs. These costs are indirect costs of production such as bills, transportation, wages, interest payments etc. Net profit =Gross Profit Expenses Task 6 In this task my aim to explain her component parts (section) of a trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet. * Purpose and use of trading profit and loss account and balance sheet 1) Purpose and use of trading account The trading account shows the gross profit (or loss) that the company has made. Profit is the money made by the business and equals income minus expenses. 2) Profit and loss account The profit and loss account is an extension of the trading account. The profit and loss account shows the net profit (or loss) made. The Trading account and profit and loss account are often combined as one trading and profit and loss account so that both the gross and net profit can be displayed in the same set of accounts. The purpose of the profit and loss account is to: a. Show whether a business has made a PROFIT or LOSS over a financial year. b. Describe how the profit or loss arose e.g. categorizing costs between cost of sales and operating costs. 3) Purpose and use of balance sheet The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owners capital of a business at a particular moment in time, for example the year end. The purpose of a Balance Sheet is to report the financial position of a company at a certain point in time. Balance Sheet analysis also provides management with insights into income trends, debt standing and long-term financial consistency, all of which are crucial towards planning and execution of vital business policies. Balance sheet also functions as an indicator to the amount of debt that can be lent to the organization. * The cost of goods sold section of the trading account The price of buying or making an item held for resale after being adjusted by beginning and ending inventory balances Formula: Opening Stock + Purchases + Carriage Inwards Purchases Return Closing Stock = Cost Of Sales Example: Opening stock = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,550 Purchases = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½345,700 Carriage Inwards = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½328,160 Purchases return = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,420 Closing stock = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23,850 Cost of sales =? Opening Stock + Purchases + Carriage Inwards Purchases Return Closing Stock = Cost Of Sales = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,550 + à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½345,700 + à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½328,160 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,420 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23,850 = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½328,160 * The calculation of Gross profit Gross profit is the amount of profit available after deducting from sales the direct (variable) costs of labour and materials, plus the applicable costs of the factory overheads applied to the production of goods and services. Formula: Net Turnover Cost of Sales = Gross Profit + Commission Received + Discount Received + Rent Received * An explanation of the kinds of income such as: Discount received; rent received; commission received that should be added to gross profit Discount Received means this discount is received from your creditors or suppliers at the time of the settlement of their account Commission Received is another type of revenue income, a payment made to an intermediary, often calculated as a percentage of the value of goods or services provided. Commission is most often paid to sales staff, brokers, or agents. Rent Received means a person renting his/her property gets money from the person(s) renting the property, this could also be called revenue income. These three incomes reduce the cost of sales so, thats why they are added to Gross Profit. * The Overheads/ Expenses section in the profit and loss account Expenses mean an outgoing payment made by a business or individual. Here is a list of examples of expenses in a business: wages/ salaries, insurance, rent and rates, electricity and heating, carriage outwards, water, depreciations, telephone bills, administration cost, petrol, bad debts, discount allowed, sundry expenses, general repairs, advertising and interest on loans. * The calculation of net profit The Net Profit- This is calculated in the Profit and Loss Account and is what remains after all other costs used up in the period have been deducted from the Gross Profit. Net profit =Gross Profit Expenses Trail Balance sheet Cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Bleau DR CR Purchase à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 Sales à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½74,640 Salaries à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½55,000 Electricity and Gas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 Bank Loan à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 Opening Stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 Creditors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,360 Premises à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½42,000 Equipments à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 Vehicles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,500 Debtors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,400 Drawing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,000 Cash/Bank à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,700 Rent or Rates à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,900 Total à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½138,000 Total à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½138,000 DR = CR Trail Balance sheet Jane Water DR CR Purchasing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½322,000 Sales à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½375,000 Opening stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½90,000 Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½178,000 Wages and Salaries à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 Creditors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,000 Rates à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 Telephone à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,200 Drawings à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18,000 Bank à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,000 Van à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 Shop fittings à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 Debtors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,800 Total à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½560,000 Total à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½560,000 DR = CR Cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Blue Trading Profit and Loss Account year entering 31st Dec 2006 Cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Blue à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sale à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½74,640 Less Cost of sales Opening stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 Purchases à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 Cost of sales à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½33,500 Gross Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½41,140 Less Indirect Cost Rent or rates à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,900 Salaries à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 Electricity gas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½28,900 Net profits à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12240 Looking at trading Profit and Loss of Cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Bleu, the Cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ made Net profit which is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12240.As far as my opinion I think it is a successful business because this business made positive result so far. They could make more profit however; they may consider Salaries which is bit high. Also they may consider keeping their sales more competitive to their purchase. Jane Water Trading Profit and Loss Account year entering 31st Dec 2006 Jane Winter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sales à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½375,000 Less cost of sales Opening stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½90,000 Purchases à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½322,000 Cost of sales à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½412,000 Net Loss -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½37,000 Less Indirect Cost Rate à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 Telephone à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,200 Wages and Salaries à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-37,200 Net Loss -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½74,200 Looking at trading Profit and Loss of Jin Winter, I think it is a not a successful business because of negative result which is net Loss à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-74200 so far. In my opinion if the business results continue end up with the negative result, business may shut down within days or months. Z man production Ltd Trading, Profit and Loss account for year ending 31st December 2006 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sale à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½810,000 Sales return à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18,900 Net turn over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½791,100 Less cost of sale Opening stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½21,800 Purchase à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½553,550 Carriage in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 Purchase Return (-) 914650 Closing Return (-) 17560 Cost of sale à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½548,540 Gross profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½246,060 Commission received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 Discount received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½249,560 Less expenses Wages à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½75,900 Rent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,540 Sundry expenses à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,545 Electricity/gas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,700 Vehicles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,540 Petrol à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22,455 Advertising à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,590 Discount allowed à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,410 Insurance à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,900 Equipments à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 Carriage out à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,580 General repair à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 Bad Debt à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,500 Interest on Loan à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½179,360 Net Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½70,200 Analysis of Trading, profit and loss Account of Z man Production Looking at trading, Profit and Loss of z man Production Ltd Company, its a successful company. However the company could make more profit by considering the following: Sales They could sell more by reducing their product cost or raise their product cost in certain amount. The company should beware that it may effect on customer, if they rise too much. Purchase They could consider purchasing fewer products or goods because in view of their amount of sales, purchase is higher. Petrol The Company spend far more money on petrol; however they should aim to spend less amount of money on their petrol cost to raise their profit. Wages Wages is one of the things which company could consider about it. Wages are bit higher then it should be. For example instead of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½75900, if wages were à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 50000, then they could save à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25000. Timberlake Wholesalers Ltd Trading, Profit and Loss account of Timberlake Wholesalers Ltd, year ending 31st Dec 2004 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sale à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250,000 Sales return à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 Net turn over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½244,600 Less cost of sale Opening stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,350 Purchase à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½156,000 Purchase Return (-) 7200 Closing Return (-) 16300 Cost of sale à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½144,850 Gross profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½99,750 Discount received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½102,250 Less expenses Salaries à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½46,000 Rent and Rates à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 Electricity/gas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,000 Sundry expenses à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,700 Discount allowed à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,700 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½59,400 Net Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½42,850 Looking at Trading, Profit and Loss of Timberlake Wholesalers Ltd Company, its a successful company. The company made profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½42,850, which is good proves that its a fairly successful company; however if the company have five or six shareholders means every shareholder would get less profit between them, but if the company have one share holder that would be alright. They could make more profit by considering selling more product or goods and increase their products prices. By making product or goods prices high would collapse in their business, so they should beware of it. They also may beware of the competitors when they are making price high for their products or goods. For my opinion they should consider make price high because their amount of their purchases. Again looking at the companys less expenses the salaries are too high comparing to their net profit. They may consider employing less employee or less salaries to increase profit and they can cut down their electricity/gas bills apparently its bit high. The amount of rant and rates are ok because they are not elevated. Task 7 In this task my aim to explain my friends each of the element of a balance sheet: * Fixed assets * Intangible assets * Current assets * Current liabilities * Working capital * Long term liabilities * Net assets * Capital employed * A description of how to tell if the accounts balance. * Fixed assets are those that will be used within the business and have a life expectancy of more than one year. * Intangible assets is an asset that lacks physical substance and usually has a high degree of uncertainty concerning their future benefits, and they are unable to be touched (they are not physical objects). Patens, copyrights franchises, and goodwill are all examples of intangible assets. * Current assets can be turned quickly into cash and are considered to be the life blood of a business. * Current liabilities is the debts of the business which must be repaid within one year. These usually consist of creditors- suppliers that have sold goods or services to the business on credit. * Working capital is calculated by taking current liabilities away from current assets. It represents the amount of money that a business has available to spend after meeting all its immediate debts. A negative figure here could indicate that the business may be facing liquidly problems. * Long term liabilities consist of the business debts which will be paid over a period of longer than one year. They will include bank loans which have been taken out over a number of years. * Net assets are the total value of the assets less current liabilities. * Capital employed is the value of money that has been left in the business after net profit has been added and drawing deducted. The Capital employed of one the year becomes the opening capital of the next year. * A description of how to tell if the accounts balance If net assets are equal to capital employed in the end of balance sheet, then the account is balance. If not then the balance sheet would probably wrong or trading, profit and loss account which done previously, would been calculated mistakenly. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fixed Assets Premises 100,000 Equipment 30000 Vehicles 21500 151,500 Current Assets Cash 125 Debtors 23850 Stock 16300 40275 Less current Liabilities Bank overdraft 851 Creditors 12041 VAT 3475 16367 Net current assets 23908 Total asset less current Liabilities 175408 Creditor: Amount falling due to after One Year Long term Loan 33000 Net Assets 142408 Financed by: Capital 110000 Net Profit 42850 152850 Less Drawing 10442 Capital Employed 142408 The balance sheet of Timberlake Wholesalers For Year Ended 31st Dec 04 Balance sheet of Z man Production LTD, year ended 31st march 2003 At cost Depn 2 Date NBV à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fixed Assets: Premises à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 Equipment à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22,500 Machinery à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24,000 Vehicles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13,500 Fixture/Fittings à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½169,000 Current Assets: Closing Stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 Debtors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 Cash in hand à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250 Bank Balance à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 Petty Cash à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14,350 Current Liabilities: Creditors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 Overdraft à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,000 V.A.T à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,500 -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,500 Net Current Assets: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,850 Less Long-time liabilities: Bank Loan à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 Mortgage à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000 Net Assets à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½138,850 Financed by: Opening Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½144,350 Net Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,000 Drawings -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18,000 Closing Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½138,850 Balance sheet of A-Z Engineering Supplies, year ended 31st march 2003 At cost Depn 2 Date NBV à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fixed Assets: Premises à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 Motor Vehicles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14,560 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½64,560 Current Assets: Closing Stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14,905 Debtors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,500 petty cash à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½21,461 Current Liabilities: Creditors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,590 Overdraft à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,400 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,990 Net Current Assets: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13,471 Less Long-time liabilities: Mortgage à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 Net Assets à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½53,031 Financed by: Opening Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½42,571 Net Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23,460 Drawings à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13,000 Closing Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½53,031 J.Mitchell Ltd Trading, Profit and Loss account for year ending 31st dec 2006 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sales return à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½810,000 Sales return à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18,900 Net turn over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½791,100 Less cost of sales Opening stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½21,800 Purchase à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½553,550 Carriage in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 Purchase Return (-) 914650 Closing stock (-) 17560 Cost of sale à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½548,540 Gross profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½246,060 Commission Received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 Discount Received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½253,060 Less expenses Wages à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½75,900 Rent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,540 Sundry expenses à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,545 Electricity/gas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,700 Vehicles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,540 Petrol à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22,455 Advertising à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,590 Discount allowed à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,410 Insurance à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,900 Equipments à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 Carriage out à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,580 General repair à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 Bad Debt à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,500 Interest on Loan à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½179,360 Net Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½73,700 J.Mitchell Ltd Trading, Profit and Loss account for year ending 31st dec 2007 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sales return à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½935,460 Sales return à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15,490 Net turn over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½919,970 Less cost of sale Opening stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½17,560 Purchase à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½584,650 Carriage in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,285 Purchase Return à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15,470 Closing stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14,365 Cost of sale à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½575,660 Gross profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½344,310 Discount Received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,360 rent Received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,255 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½348,925 Less expenses Wages à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½95,655 Rent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,655 General repairs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,595 Carriage out à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,420 Sundry expenses à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,350 Electricity/gas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,125 Advertising à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,100 Petrol à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,460 Discount allowed à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,150 Insurance à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,900 Telephone à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,435 Stationary à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½896 Bad Debt à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,555 Interest on Loan à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,500 Vehicles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,000 Equipment à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½197,196 Net Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½151,729 Balance sheet of J- Mitchell, year ended 31st march 2006 At cost Depn 2 Date NBV à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fixed Assets: Fixtures and Fittings à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23,500 Vehicles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½65,400 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,540 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½58,860 Equipment à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½54,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,400 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½48,600 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½130,960 Current Assets: Closing Stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½17,560 Debtors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22,650 Cash-in -Hand à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500 Bank à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½43,710 Current Liabilities: Creditors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 VAT à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,000 Bank overdraft à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½36,000 Net Current Assets: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,710 Less Long term liabilities: Bank Loan à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 Net Assets à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½113,670 Financed by: Opening Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½39,970 Net Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½73,700 Closing Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½113,670 Balance sheet of J- Mitchell, year ended 31st march 2007 At cost Depn 2 Date NBV à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fixed Assets: Fixtures and Fittings à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½46,500 Vehicles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13,080 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½46,920 Equipment à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½54,914 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,800 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½44,114 Machinery à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½187,534 Current Assets: Closing Stock à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14,365 Debtors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 Cash-in -Hand à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½32,759 Bank à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½41,741 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½138,865 Current Liabilities: Creditors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½33,000 VAT à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,000 Bank overdraft à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½41,000 Net Current Assets: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½97,865 Less Long term liabilities: Bank Loan à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 Net Assets à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½265,399 Financed by: Opening Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½113,670 Net Profit à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½151,729 Closing Capital à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½265,399 Task-8 For this task I will need to have access to some past and present final accounts. As part of my report to my friend, I will need to perform ratio analysis to measure the: Profitability ratio Liquidity ratio and Efficiency of her business in order to help her understand her financial situation. J. Mitchell Ltd 2006 Profitable ratio Gross profit margin 246060 x 100 791100 x 1 24606000 791100 31.1 Profit margin 73700 x 100 791100 x 1 7370000 791100 9.3 Return on Capital Employed 73700 x 100 113670 x 1 7370000 113670 64.8 Liquidity ratio Current Assets 43,710 Current Liabilities 36,000 1.2 : 1 Current Assets Stock 43710 -17560 Current Liabilities 36000 61270 36000 1.7:1 Asset Utilisation Debtors x 365 1) Credit sales 22650 X 365 791100 8267250 791100 10 DAYS 2) Creditors x 365 Credit purchases 30000 X 365 553550 10950000 553550 20 DAYS 3) Average stock = Opening Stock + Closing Stock 2 Average stock = 21800 + 17560 2 19680 Average Stock x 365 Cost of sales 19680 x 365 548540 13 DAYS J. Mitchell Ltd 2007 Profitable ratio Gross profit margin 344310 x 100 919970 x 1 34431000 919970 37.4 Profit margin 151729 x 100 919970 x 1 15172900 919970 16.5 Return on Capital Employed 151729 x 100 265399 x 1 151729 265399 0.6 Liquidity ratio Current Assets à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½138,865 Current Liabilities à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½41,000 3.4 :1 Current Assets Stock 138865 -14365 Current Liabilities 41000 153230 36000 4.3:1 Asset Utilisation Debtors x 365 1) Credit sales 50000 X 365 919970 18250000 919970 20 DAYS 2) Creditors x 365 Credit purchases 33000 X 365 584650 12045000 584650 20 DAYS 3) Average stock = Opening Stock + Closing Stock 2 Average stock = 17560 + 14365 2 15963 Average Stock x 365 Cost of sales 15963 x 365 575660 10 DAYS Task-9 In this task I will be using suitable ratios from the previous task analysis the performance of the business which is J -Mitchell. A ratio: Is the mathematical relationship between two quantities in the form of a fraction or percentage. There also relationships that can be measured in time periods and one 2 one situations. Ratio analysis: is essentially concerned with the calculation of relationships which after proper identification and interpretation may provide information about the operations and state of affairs of a business enterprise. The analysis is used to provide indicators of past performance in terms of critical success factors of a business. This assistance in decision-making reduces reliance on guesswork and intuition and establishes a basis for sound judgement. Purposes and Considerations of Ratios and Ratio Analysis:- Ratios are highly important profit tools in financial analysis that help financial analysts implement plans that improve profitability, liquidity, financial structure, reordering, leverage, and interest coverage. Although ratios report mostly on past performances, they can be predictive too, and provide lead indications of potential problem areas. Ratio analysis is primarily used to compare a companys financial figures over a period of time, a method sometimes called trend analysis. Through trend analysis, can be identify trends, good and bad, and adjust the business practices accordingly. Can also see how ratios stack up against other businesses, both in and out of the business. Significance of Using Ratios the significance of a ratio can only truly be appreciated when: 1. It is compared with other ratios in the same set of financial statements. 2. It is compared with the same ratio in previous financial statements (trend analysis). 3. It is compared with a standard of performance (industry average). Such a standard may be either the ratio which represents the typical performance of the trade or industry, or the ratio which represents the target set by management as desirable for the business. Profitability Ratios Closely linked with income ratios are profitability ratios, which shed light upon the overall effectiveness of management regarding the returns generated on sales and investment. Gross Profit Margin-The gross profit margin ratio tells us the profit a business makes on its cost of sales, or cost of goods sold. It is a very simple idea and it tells us how much gross profit per à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 of turnover our business is earning. Net Profit Margin- The profit margin tells you how much profit a company makes for every à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 it generates in revenue. Return on Capital Employed- ratio also indicates whether the company is earning sufficient revenues and profits in order to make the best use of its capital assets. It is expressed in the form of a percentage, and the higher the percentage, the better Liquidity Ratios While liquidity ratios are most helpful for short-term creditors/suppliers and bankers, they are also important to financial managers who must meet obligations to suppliers of credit and various government agencies. A complete liquidity ratio analysis can help uncover weaknesses in the financial position of your business. Working Capital Ratio-This ratio indicates whether a company has enough short term assets to cover its short term debt. Anything below 1 indicates negative W/C (working capital). While anything over 2 means that the company is not investing excess assets. Assets utilisation- Assets utilisation is measured how effectively you manage and control the current aspects of your business. Stock turnover ratio the stock turnover ratio shows how many times over the business has sold the value of its stocks during the year. The result of this ratio gives the number of days that on average money is tied up in stocks. The longer this is, obviously the worse this is for the business as the money is not available to be used elsewhere. Debtors collection periods ratio- The debtors collection shows how days on average debtors take for pay for good sold to them by the business. The average collection period measures the quality of debtors since it indicates the speed of their collection. * The shorter the average collection period, the better the quality of debtors, as a short collection period implies the prompt payment by debtors. * The average collection period should be compared against the firms credit terms and policy to judge its credit and collection efficiency. * An excessively long collection period implies a very liberal and inefficient credit and collection performance. * The delay in collection of cash impairs the firms liquidity. On the other hand, too low a collection period is not necessarily favourable, rather it may indicate a very restrictive credit and collection policy which may curtail sales and hence adversely affect profit. Creditors payment periods ratio- is collection is opposite to the debtors collection. This ration shows the speed the take to pay the creditors. J-Mitchell Ltd Company Ratio Analysis year 2006 and 2007 Profitability Ratios Gross Profit Margin After looking at J-Mitchell LTD company, I can assure that the company did well good because In year 2006 the gross profit margin was 31.1% and in year 2007 the gross profit margin is 37.4%.Comparing to year 2006 and 2007, its look like company doing well because gross profit were raised in 2007 by more then 5%.Meanwhile y in year 2006 the net turnover was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½791100 and in year 2007 the net turnover is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½919970, which is healthy position for company. Profit Margin- looking back at j- Mitchell Ltd 2006, I can say that the company havent done well in year 2006 which is 9.3% and as well as 2007 which is 16.5% comparing to gross profit margin. Although In 2007 J- Mitchell Ltd company did well then they did in year 2006.However it could be raise more by looking back to trading, profit and loss account in year 2007.there are certain things that could be improved for example Bad Debt. To save from bad debt the company should check the reference, past bank statement before they lend money to other peoples, so it can be checked whether they can repay the money on time. Also In year 2007 J-Mitchell company had too high expenses for example petrol in year 2006 J-Mitchell they spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22455 and in year 2007 they spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25460.If J- Mitchell Ltd company wants improve their gross profit they may have to consider reduce their petrol expenses as well as other expenses for example-wages, bad debt etc. Overall I think in year 2007 J-Mitchell Ltd Company did well compare to year 2006 and in the future the company could be successful if they keep their expenses low for example wages, petrol, insurance etc. Return on capital employed- In 2006 J-Mitchell Ltd company were very good position which was 64.8% unlikely in year 2007 their revenue 0.6% which is not healthy for company or shareholders. This is an unusual because they havent kept good record of their transaction. I think the figure I have received are not accurate and also Ive received only two years account information. So I am not sure whether the business would do good or bad unless I have received more past accounting information. Liquidity ratio Working Capital Ratio in year 2007, the working capital ratio looks reasonable healthy; current assets are nearly three times as much as current liabilities (3.4:1), so the firm should not have too much difficulty meeting debts that need to be paid in the short times .Whereas in year 2006, the working capital ratio also looked reasonable because the current assets was nearly twice times as much as current liabilities (1.5:1).In 2007, the business has too much current assets, which is too good for company . Liquid capital ratio- the liquid capital ratio also shows a good picture. Even with stocks taken out of the current assets the firm still have sufficient liquid assets to cover its bills, so it seems to be in a liquid position. In year 2006 the liquid capital ratio was (1.7:1) and year 2007 the liquid capital ratio is (4.3:1) which healthy for company. Assets utilisation Stock turnover ratio -Looking at J-Mitchell Ltd Company 2006, every 13 days to sell stock seems not long time but this is a manufacturing company and short turnover periods are not rare. Comparing to year 2007, year 2007 was good because in year 2007 every 10 days to sell stock which is quite short time. That means if the company carry on like this they may end up with more profits. Debtors collection periods ratio Debtors collection periods of J-Mitchell LTD company is good enough however; Debtors are not taking long times to pay their bills in year 2007 then year 2006.In year 2006 debtors took 13 days to pay their bills but in year 2007 debtors took 20 days to pay their bills. Usually debtors gets 30 days to pay back but in this company debtors havent took the much long time to pay their bills. Creditors collection ratio in year 2006 and year 2007, an average of 20 days to pay bills suggests that the company has either negotiated good credit terms with suppliers or is struggling to pay bills.